Gauge pressure can be determined with a tool called manometer and is calculated to a lower or higher measure of atmospheric pressure. The vacuum gauge, also called vuocometers, are used in the calculation of a pressure that is lower than atmospheric.
What is a pressure gauge?
The manometer is a tool that is used to calculate the pressure of a gaseous element or some liquid, which is enclosed in a closed container or container, generally cylindrical in shape. They work similarly to a Thermometer. Various types of manometer They work by measuring atmospheric pressure and determining the difference between real pressure, atmospheric pressure, and absolute pressure. It is what is called differential gauge.
This tool works on the same principles that are used in mercury and aneroid barometers.
How does a pressure gauge work?
This will depend on the type of pressure gauge that is being used, because depending on the type that is being used, its functions can be determined, since there are several types of pressure gauges, and each one of them has a particular activity, according to to the components it has. The manometer that is usually used in a common way is the mercury manometer and has the shape of a U.
When using this type of pressure gauge, a liquid is applied to one of its ends, the one that is considered most perceptive and commonly used is mercury, then the type of gas to be measured is introduced and it is covered correctly, without anything being reached to escape, after having pushed the contents towards the inside of the tube.
The other end of the apparatus is left open, so that the natural pressure can be measured, thus the liquid is pushed by the air that enters through the open end of the tube. At the moment in which the two achieve a balance or equilibrium, the measurement of atmospheric pressure can be obtained, when they are stable. This measurement will indicate whether it was above or below atmospheric pressure.
Parts of a manometer
The parts of a manometer are the following:
- tube spring: Also called Bourdon tube that has a semicircular profile, it is a tube that is screwed through which the fluid passes.
- Polyester Strap: This is the element that pulls the mechanism, when the spring is constricted or widened.
- Mechanism: It is the element that is responsible for converting the force applied by the tie rod, indicating it with a movement of the needle.
- Needle: is the element that indicates the force that has been obtained.
- Dial: is the part where all the components are located.
- The Union: which is the component in which the pressure connection is determined.
- a dial: which is normally rotary.
- Metallic pointer.
- If it is a manometer aneroid: its structure contains a box that holds it.
- two ends: as we have explained before, one will be closed and the other open is the one that connects with the source that contains the pressure.
Pressure gauge use and function
The primary use of a manometer is to be able to measure the pressure that is inside a container or container. However, we will now go on to list some of the functions for which pressure gauges are generally used:
- To introduce air into car tires and are also used to measure the internal pressure of the tire.
- In gas containers or cylinders: they are used to measure the internal pressure of the cylinder.
- Domestic water pipes: pressure gauges have common applications in the measurement of water pressure in construction pipes.
- Boilers: the pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure as a safety measure.
- Various industrial applications: a pressure gauge can be used to know the pressure of fluids in production equipment and plants.
The ones we have listed are not the only ones, because there are many more applications that pressure gauges are used for, but it is fair to say that not all pressure gauges can be used for the same application. In fact, there are special pressure gauges for specific tasks.
Pressure Units
To know the pressure of the contents of a closed container, through the use of a manometer, the proper pressure units must be known and used. There are several and among the pressure units that are usually the most used are the following:
- Pascal (Pa) – International System: this is the magnitude of pressure that belongs to the International System of Measurement Units. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a force of 1 newton, on an area with an extension of 1 normal square meter.
One pascal is the equivalent of 10–5 bar, 10 bar, 9,86923·10–6 atmospheres and 1,01971621·10-4 meters in a water column. This is a unit of pressure that is in common use in many practical applications, such as the kilopascal (kPa = 103 Pa) and the megapascal (MPa = 106 Pa).
The name of this unit or measure of pressure was imposed by the Contributions by Blaise Pascal, who in life was an outstanding French mathematician, physicist and writer of deep Catholic religiosity.
- PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) – English System: This is the magnitude of pressure calculated in pounds of thrust per square inch. This is a pressure calculation quantity that belongs to the British method of units.
- Kg/m2 (Kilogram per square meter) – Gravitational Technical System: it is a system that is also known as the technical system of units, and has as units: the mass, the SLUG and the UTM (technical unit of mass); while for force it uses the pound force (lbf) or pound, and the kilogram force (kgf) or kilopond equally, depending on the system being used.
- Atmosphere (atm): although acronyms have not yet been assigned for its nomenclature, the letters atm are normally used all with designate it. This unit is the equivalent of the force exerted by the Earth's atmosphere on sea level.
- Millimeter of Mercury (mmHg): is a gauge pressure unit that in the past was defined as the pressure exerted at the base of a column of mercury (Hg), 1 millimeter high, which has a density of 13 kg/m³ at a temperature of 595.1 K (273.15 ºC), under the influence of the standard acceleration of gravity, 0 9.806 m/s²; but today it is more simply defined as the equivalent of 65 133.322 387 Pa. This type of pressure unit is widely used in medicine, aviation, and meteorology, among other sciences.
- Torricelli (Torr): a torr is a unit of pressure, named after Evangelista Torricelli. Initially, this unit was defined as a millimeter of mercury. Today it is defined as follows: 1 Torr = 0,999 999 857 533 699… MmHg.
- Meter of water column (mca): it is a magnitude of compression that is similar to the force of a pillar of water in its pure state, which has a height of one meter above the level of the earth. Its main correspondences with other ways of calculating pressure are as follows:
1 mca = 9 806.38 Pa
1 mca = 100 cm.ca = 1 000 mm.ca
1 mca = 0.1 kgf/cm²
1 mca = 1.422 PSI
1 mca = 1000 kgf/m²
1 atm = 10.33 mca
1 bar = 10.2 mca
1 kgf/cm² = 10 mca
1 PSI = 0.704 mca
Now, the pressure that is taken as a reference towards the bottom of a column of water 1 m high above Earth's gravity, which is the way in which Torr is defined, is:
P = 1000 (kg/m³) 1 (m) 9,80665 (m/s²) = 9806,65 Pa
So that we can understand it more easily, and it can even be used as a trick to learn the equivalence, it is considered that, under water, the pressure increases by one atmosphere for every 10 m of depth. Therefore, at a depth of 50 meters the pressure will be 5 atmospheres.
history of pressure gauges
History manometer it is as old as the time of Galileo Galilei, who was able to carry out several experiments using rudimentary pressure pumps, which were the antecedent of this tool. Over the decades, Robert Boyle later managed to use a tube that had the shape of a J, obstructing one end, in order to establish the relationship between gas pressure and volume.
With this experiment, Boyle's Law had its origin, and the acronyms P as pressure, V as volume and K, which is the difference or atmospheric pressure, were established as default values. Likewise, it was established that the increase in one of these values could decrease another. Likewise, a value of absolute relevance, because it influences all measurements, is the Temperature. For the measurement to be correct, the temperature must remain unchanged.
The name of Eugene Bourdon is another that has been incorporated into the history of manometers, because he is a watchmaker engineer of French origin who managed to design and develop the Bourdon manometer.
Eugene Bourdon was the one who founded and created the Bourdon Sedeme Company, which is the company that invented and developed the Bourdon manometer. However, one cannot fail to make a historical dimension and it is that the first model, the incipient design of what is now known as a manometer, was an invention of Evangelista Torricelli, who managed to experiment with measuring the height of a column, which contained mercury.
Characteristics of pressure gauges
Pressure gauges are tools used to measure pressure, these devices manage to measure the discrepancy between real, absolute and atmospheric pressure, having atmospheric pressure as a reference and resulting in the measurement of gauge pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is used in a manometer as a reference pressure, since 0 (zero) of gauge pressure is equivalent to atmospheric pressure. Now, in the event that the gauge pressure is above atmospheric, it will be positive, but if it is below atmospheric, it will be negative. A manometer is capable of measuring both liquid and gas, as long as it is enclosed in an airtight container.
Types of manometers according to their definition
Because a manometer uses atmospheric pressure as a reference, due to the way the value is measured, there are several kinds of manometers, to fulfill that activity and we will list some of them below:
- Manometer with two open branches: It takes the form of a glass tube or cylinder that has the shape of a U, with a liquid, normally the one used is mercury and that is why it is also called mercury manometer. It has two ends, one that is open to the atmosphere and the other that contains the fluid whose pressure is to be measured.
- Manometer truncated: it is not considered as a true manometer, because it is what is called a absolute pressure gauge, this means that it is capable of measuring absolute and non-gauge pressures, but it has the same operation as a U-glass manometer, with the only difference that the end of the normal manometer is open to the atmosphere, in this kind of manometer is closed.
- bourdon tube: This is the most commonly used manometer of all the types of manometers that exist. It has been designed as a tube that is sealed at one end, which is flattened and wound in a spiral shape. The other end of the tube is the one that connects to the container with the fluid, whose pressure you want to measure.
- Manometer metallic or aneroid: is the type of pressure gauge commonly used in factories. It is a class of modified barometers, so that they are suitable for the internal pressure of the same to be equated with the liquid to be calculated, and on the outside the atmospheric pressure acts.
Types of manometers according to their manufacture
According to the class or type of manufacture that it has had, there is an extensive number of pressure gauges, but according to their manufacture it is possible to classify them as follows:
- Analog or digital manometers.
- Commercial manometers.
- General purpose gauges.
- Industrial stainless steel pressure gauges for industrial processes.
- Low pressure gauges.
- Type T high precision and wet monel pressure gauges.
- Differential manometers.
- Liquid refillable utility gauges.
Types of manometers according to their use
According to the use for which they are used, pressure gauges can be classified as follows:
- Pressure Gauge: used to be able to set absolute pressure, vacuum or differential pressure.
- commercial pressure gauges: They are the ones that are normally used in filter regulators, compressors, water pumps, spray applicators, beverage serving equipment and in many other applications.
- General Purpose Gauges: they are the ones used in equipment for industrial use that require pressure to function.
- Industrial stainless steel pressure gauges: are those suggested to be used in places of procedures that can have a corrosive effect, in chemical, petrochemical, refining, energy, marine, food and pharmaceutical applications, among others.
- Pressure gauges for industrial processes: they are also made of stainless steel and thermoplastic reinforcement material. Available empty or liquid filled.
- Type T: it is an increased precision manometer. They are constructed of a combination of nickel and copper, which possesses high strength against corrosive action in a number of environments, including seawater, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, and alkalis. They are used in marine engineering, in the manufacture of chemical elements and hydrocarbon processing equipment, valves, pumps, shafts, connections, fixing elements, and in heat exchangers.
- Differential pressure gauges: is a manometer whose function is to measure the difference in gauge pressure between two points.
- Liquid Fillable Utility Gauges: It is an excellent choice to be used in environments that are adverse for various reasons, such as places with a lot of vibrations and mechanical shocks. Another feature that makes them attractive is that they make reading easier by attenuating the sudden oscillations of the indicator needle, and they reduce wear by lubricating all its moving components. What is normally used as a filler for this type of pressure gauge is silicone or glycerin.
Types of manometers according to the material in contact with the medium
According to the material that is in contact with the medium in which they carry out their activity, pressure gauges are classified into the following types:
- Relative pressure gauges: they are the ones that calculate the volume of the relative pressure, which is the equivalent of the inequality between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure.
- Differential Pressure Gauges: they are the ones used in many manufacturing procedure systems, to be able to control two pressures different from atmospheric pressure. This class of tools are capable of providing multiple solutions in the control of manufacturing procedures.
- Absolute pressure gauges: they are the ones that can determine the pressure taking into account the Emptiness absolute.
Types of pressure gauges according to the scale range
According to the use that is going to be given to the manometer, a scale must be chosen. The most common pressure gauges are those that measure ranges between:
0,5mbar to 16mbar,
600mbar to 6.000bar
600mbar to 1,000bar
and 1,000 bar
There are some with accuracies of up to 0,1% so that they can be adapted to industrial needs or to sensitive processes. They can be found made of copper alloys, stainless steel or special materials.
Types of pressure gauges according to liquid filling
Liquid Fillable Utility Gauges have been designed and manufactured with a wide range of applications in mind, including compressors, machines, hydraulics, pumps, tools and petrochemical processing equipment. For applications in high shock and vibration environments, they can be filled with liquids while in operation, thus damping the movement of the gauge pointer.
PGUF series liquid fillable gauges come in measurement ranges: (PSI/BAR) 0-30/2, 60/4, 100/7, 160/11, 300/20, 600/40 and 1000/70 . The 63mm (21,2″) pressure gauge is also available in 2000/140 and 3000/200 measurement ranges).
Types of pressure gauges according to the measuring principle
- U-glass manometer: is one in which the amount of pressure is established by measuring the difference in the liquid level of the two branches and also balances the unknown pressure with a known one.
- Manometer bourdon tube: is that assumption where the unknown pressure affects an action on a flexible element, which produces an alteration that is used in the determination of the pressure.
- Digital Pressure Gauges: They are operated by a microprocessor and have proven to be of high precision and reliability. A built-in display directly indicates the fluid pressure measurement.
- Membrane Pressure Gauges: It is a very efficient tool for measuring relative, absolute and differential pressure. Their most important feature is that they have a circular and wavy membrane, which is held or welded between two flanges or guides. The membrane cannot be flat, as it will deform when pressure is applied, making it impossible to obtain an accurate measurement. For that reason, it is essential that the membrane has a corrugated shape.
- Capsule Gauges: It is a class of pressure gauges that have electrical contacts of the 632.51 type, and are special to be used in places where the process pressure has to be indicated in a specific place or in several at the same time.
- Bellows Pressure Gauges: they contain in their structure a metal bellows that can be with or without spring, and is used to measure relatively low pressures, up to 7 bar, and absolute pressures.
- Helicoidal Tube Pressure Gauges: they are used to measure pressures greater than or equal to 100 bar.
- liquid column manometers: These types of pressure gauges are the ones with the simplest design of tool used to measure pressures. In them the height, head or difference in level of the fluid in an open vertical tube, which is connected to an apparatus with a liquid, is the direct measure of the pressure at the point of union. It is commonly used to know the level of liquids in large capacity tanks or containers.
- Other less common pressure gauges: There are also other types of manometer that are not in normal or common use, among which are:
Pressure Gauge FAQ
Now we are going to answer the questions that are normally asked regarding a pressure gauge.:
Why use your manometer?
The manometer is a calculation tool, which is used to be able to establish the volume of the pressure of liquids or gaseous materials, which are normally found in sealed containers.
Amateur uses of pressure gauges
Pressure gauges are not difficult to use tools, but to understand the way they work and be able to interpret it, you must know the pressure measurement units used. In addition, it is necessary to be able to process the information and data correctly, to obtain an optimal measurement. The basic measurement formula is: P = ρ 2 gh 2 – ρ 1 gh 1, where:
P = pressure
ρ 2 = density of the heavy liquid
h 2 = height of the weighed liquid above the reference line
ρ 1 = density of light liquid
h 1 = height of light liquid above reference line
Professional uses of manometers?
These tools are irreplaceable for measuring Weather Elements, atmospheric conditions and changes that occur in the environment. In addition, they are used in the industrial environment to be able to measure the amount of pressure found in gas cylinders, water tanks, tire pressure and many other uses.
Scientists also use manometers to be able to study the planets and to study the gases found in the atmosphere and the weather.
What pressure does a manometer measure?
Pressure gauges are tools used to calculate pressure, they calculate the divergence between real, absolute and atmospheric pressure, having atmospheric pressure as a ratio and resulting in the calculation of gauge pressure.
How is a manometer used?
The piezometer, which is the tube of the manometer, will be open to atmospheric pressure at one end, while the other is connected to where the measurement will be made. Then proceed to pour the liquid or gas to be measured, cover it and the element will begin to balance. As soon as it remains motionless, the measurement will be obtained, which can be below or above atmospheric pressure.
What is a digital manometer?
It is a tool that has a pressure reader of an electrical or electromagnetic nature, and an electronic device that gives the tool the possibility of executing various functions that are relevant to the person who uses it.
How is gauge pressure measured?
Some of the tools used to calculate pressure use atmospheric pressure as the reference and calculate the discrepancy between the actual or absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure, this value is called gauge pressure. The gauge pressure is formulated in a higher range or in a lower range of atmospheric pressure.
What is a cooling gauge?
A cooling pressure gauge, also called a freon gas pressure gauge, is the one that can calculate the pressure inside the freezing and cooling equipment. It is a tool that is very versatile in cooling rooms, cold coal filling equipment, industrial freezing and in air conditioning systems.
The refrigeration pressure gauge contains the same composition as a general pressure gauge, but it has some special characteristics that are much stricter. They use special welding and are subjected to tests before they are put into operation in order to prevent refrigerant leaks.
The refrigeration manometer is the one used with refrigerants such as the gases known as R-22, R-507 and R404a; as well as in the case of low-viscosity fluids that do not corrode copper alloys, and in systems that do not suffer from vibrations.
What is the unit of measure for a manometer?
Pressure is measured in atmospheres (atm), but in the international system of units (SI), pressure is expressed in newtons per square meter. Now, one newton per square meter is the equivalent of one pascal (Pa). The atmosphere is defined as 101.325 Pa, and is the equivalent of 760 mm of mercury in a conventional manometer.
What is a psi on a pressure gauge?
PSI is the pound of power over one square inch. This is the pressure calculation volume used in the British system of standards.
It can be used to express, according to the case in question, as pressure relative to the environment, where psig (in English psi gauge) was used; and the pseudounit psia, was used to measure absolute pressure (in English: psi, absolute).
What is a manometer and what is it used for?
A manometer is a tool that is capable of measuring atmospheric pressure, in fluids and gases that are enclosed in tanks or sealed containers. The manometer is used to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium in a fixed liquid, where the pressure is measured, based on the height of the liquid, which it will support.
Liquid manometers, due to their great simplicity and accuracy, have several uses in many manufacturing processes and in laboratories. In addition to direct accuracy and vacuum calculation, they take into account other variables of the procedure in question. The volume of pressure can be calculated very easily with a manometer.
The most common uses of a pressure gauge are flow measurement, meter calibrations, leak testing, filter pressure drop, and liquid level in tanks.
Who invented the manometer and in what year?
The French Eugene Bourdon was the one who invented the pressure gauge in 1849, and this tool survives today in manufacturing procedures. The Bourdon manometer has the virtue of calculating up to 690 MPa, which is approximately 6800 atmospheres.
And this extension of the measurement range was absolutely required for the invention and development of the steam engine of that time, because it needed to work with higher pressure ranges. Eugene Bourdon, died in the city of Paris in the year 1884.
What does psi mean in an air compressor?
PSI means the pounds or inches with which the compressor works, for example: a portable air compressor for an appliance that has a tank with a capacity of 5 liters (approximately 1,3 gallons), requires an air pressure around 30 psi (pounds per square inch), and that's what you should keep in mind when selecting an air compressor.
What is the barometer?
A barometer is a tool used to calculate atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure, in turn, is the amount of power per area of predetermined extension that the atmosphere produces. These are the most widely used barometers and the best known is the mercury barometer.
What is an oxygen manometer?
The oxygen manometer, in contrast to the mercury manometer, is the one used to measure the pressure of a medium that has a large proportion of oxygen. They are special manometers, due to which it is always recommended that oxygen manometers be designed exclusively for this activity and that they must be identified with a distinctive sign that distinguishes them from mercury manometers.
What is a pressure gauge?
It is a tool that is used to calculate the pressure in liquids and gaseous elements, inside a hermetically sealed container. With them it is possible to calculate the discrepancy between the real or absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure.
What is a pressure gauge?
A pressure gauge is a device used to measure the pressure of gases and liquids in many industrial applications. In general, these tools are classified as mechanical, electronic and mechatronic.
What is a pressure gauge?
They are tools that are used with a column of internal liquid, which can be water or mercury, or other compounds, to measure pressure.
These tools to measure pressure are utensils made of different materials and have a component that somehow undergoes a change when subjected to pressure. That change is recorded on a calibrated scale or display, and is represented in units of pressure.
How and with what is pressure measured?
Units of measure, which are used to express the measure of pressure, represent a unit of force over a unit of area or extent. Although the regular unit of measure used to measure pressure is the Pascal (N/m2), it is also possible to measure it in pounds per square inch (PSI), in atmospheres (atm), in kilograms per square centimeters (kg/cm2 ), in inches of mercury (Hg), and in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Pressure represents force per unit area, and is noted when that force is vertical to the surface.
There are many tools used to measure pressure, more of them are used to measure relative pressure, but some have been created to measure absolute pressure. In a top 10, these are the most used and well-known:
TOP 10 of the most used
- differential pressure gauge
- Truncated pressure gauge
- Vacuum gauge: McLeod and Piston-cylinder vacuum gauge
- Pressure sensors: strain gauge, variable capacitors and piezoelectric
- U tube
- bourdon tube
- Bellows
- diaphragm pressure gauge
- Barometer: Torricelli Tube, Fontini Barometer, Metal Barometers, Altimeter and Aneroid Barometer
- Sphygmomanometer
What is pressure and how is it measured?
Pressure is the physical dimension in scale, which is represented by the letter P, which chooses a projection of force that is exerted directly on a unit area. For better understanding, pressure is the representation of how to apply a resultant force on a line.
Pressure is always acting with a continuous force and on a surface on which it acts, that is the reason why it is measured, in the International System (SI), in Pascals (Pa), which is equivalent to one newton (N ) of force, which act on a cubic meter (m3) of surface. In the English system, the measurement is in pounds (pounds) per inch (inches).
Other units of measurement for pressure include: the bar (10N/cm3), the atm or atmosphere (which is the equivalent of about 101325 pa), and the Torr (which is the equivalent of 133,32 pa) and can also be measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
How is the void?
The American Vacuum Society or AVS that was born in the year 1958, defines the vacuum as one that refers to some spaces filled with gases, but that has a total pressure less than atmospheric pressure, for which the degree of vacuum increases. , in direct relation to the decrease in residual gas pressure. When pressure can be measured in a perfect vacuum, it is called absolute pressure, but when measured together with atmospheric pressure it is called gauge pressure.
What does it mean that the indicated pressure is zero?
When the pressure in a container is less than or equal to atmospheric pressure, it is indicated as zero, which means that a perfect vacuum has been produced, indicating zero absolute pressure.
As the pressure decreases, the greater the vacuum that will result, which allows classifying the degree of vacuum, according to the pressure intervals that will be smaller and smaller. Each interval has individual peculiarities.
What is a vacuum in a refrigeration system?
They occur when undesirable gases are eliminated, moving towards the humidity produced by water vapor and air. These elements cause a significant loss in capacity for every 10 psi of pressure increase. And they also cause definitive deterioration in the equipment.
What is the absolute vacuum?
This is the absolute elimination of gases or liquids contained in a hermetically sealed container. For absolute vacuum: Absolute pressure=0 Absolute vacuum or total absence of air.
What is the difference between a manometer and a barometer?
The difference between the manometer and the barometer is that the manometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure in closed containers such as tanks, cylinders or tanks, while the barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure in open containers.
What is measured with the Vacuum Gauge?
It is a tool used to calculate pressures less than atmospheric pressure. The calculation of a vacuum gauge can evaluate the drop in pressure that occurs in the containers, before calculating the pressure, depending on the slot provided for it and the number of revolutions.
What is the Manocontacto?
It is a tool used to indicate the existence of oil pressure in an engine. If there is no oil or it has run out, the Pressure Switch opens or closes an electrical circuit, which makes the corresponding indication by means of an indicator guide. Each of the different references that a Pressure Switch can have, are calibrated at a certain actuation pressure.
What is 60psi?
60 psi is the equivalent of 413685 pascals.
What is the difference between PSI and bar?
Both measure relative, differential and gauge pressure. The difference is that the psi measures in inches while the bar measures it in bars.
What is a PSI in hydraulics?
The usual thing in today's world is that pressure units are displayed in psi. For example, the pressure of a vehicle's tires is measured in psi, and this indicates the amount of force that the air inside the tire has to exert against the internal surface of the tire. To get an idea, on a small vehicle, tire pressures hover around 30 psi (2,1 kg per cm²).
Partner Brands
Taking into account the general and specific requirements of industry, science or common use, we have compiled a list of those that have proven to be the best pressure gauge brands:
- akozone
- AMA
- Astral
- Best Price Square
- boomboost
- cap t
- Agile
- deal mux
- Unknown
- Draper tools
- Dwyer
- ehdis
- pawn
- Extech
- Farwind
- fdit
- FlukeNetworks
- gazechimp
- Greisinger
- Hayward
- Hella
- Hti Xintai
- invent
- kkmoon
- K's Tools
- Laserliner
- lovive
- Martindale
- migvela
- powerka
- Pressure Man II
- Reed Instruments
- reportshop
- Sharplace
- Siemens
- supersamastore
- Tec Take
- Text
- Tpi
- Vdl
- walfront
- well2wellness
- Won Von
- Zerodis
- ziyun