Qualified as one of the most illustrious minds of Western academic thought, Blaise Pascal was a Christian, but he was also a physicist, mathematician and distinguished French author, whose ideas, formulas and inventions gave rise to the contributions of Blaise Pascal and in this article we will develop his most important discoveries and inventions.
Blaise Pascal Biography
The ideas of this man had a decisive influence on the scientific world, creating true revolutions in some areas, such as in the social sphere and in his way of acting, but his historical background undoubtedly had a great stimulus on his thinking, so we must find out who was blaise pascal.
Blaise Pascal was born on June 19, 1623, to an honorable family from Clermont, now Clermont-Ferrand, which is located in the Auvergne region, in the central mountain range of France. His father was Étienne Pascal, who after an education as a specialist in law in Paris, had an important post as a judge in the Auvergne tax office in Clermont.
Later, Étienne Pascal would become known as a mathematician. His mother was Antoinette Begon, who was born and raised in the midst of wealthy merchants who were always on the lookout for noblesse. Blaise Pascal had two sisters, Gilberte and Jaqueline.
The first, who was three years older than him and with more scientific experience, is much more recognized, because it was she who wrote the most recognized existing memoirs on the life and work of her brother.
At the time Jaqueline was born, his younger sister, two years younger, the mother of the family could not find a way to recover from that painful birth and from that moment, dying very soon, due to which Blaise Pascal was left an orphan. mother at the age of three. During the year 1631, Étienne Pascal and his entire family moved to the city of Paris, but kept their position in the Clermont collection office.
A nanny was part of the family, who was in charge of raising and caring for the three children of the family. By then, Blaise Pascal was eight years old and his father's goal in moving to Paris was to obtain an activity that would potentially make them a prominent family in the French capital.
Specifically, living in a more favorable territory for each of the children, in the sense that they could get a better education and manage to develop a better disposition of their abilities; in particular, for Blaise, who had already exhibited an amazing intellectual capacity, far above normal.
Blaise Pascal Thought
As he evolved in his intellectual development, however you look at it, the contributions of Blaise Pascal derived, in principle, towards Jansenism and trying to apply a logic from the general point of view, drew up a plan in which the reasoning had a great influence of the Christian sign, which was later discarded with the passage of time and scientific advance .
In a second moment, Blaise Pascal's reasoning showed that he came to snub the condition of humanity, for which he had always shown absolute respect, but hopelessly concluded that it was irrelevant in the face of the Fundamental Forces of Nature.
It should be noted that Blaise Pascal was an absolutely brilliant human being and very well endowed with ingenuity and imagination, whom his father initiated at a very early age in areas as important as geometry, eventually being introduced to the circle of the academy of scientific studies. , with whom his father had close ties.
At the Academy, Blaise Pascal showed his admiration for the ideas of Girard Desargues, writing an article on his chronicles in 1640, called Essai pour les Croniques, in which he was able to develop for the first time what which today is known as Pascal's hexagon hypothesis.
the first invention
His father's appointment as Mercantile Commissioner brought with it an exchange with Rouen, where Blaise Pascal became enthusiastic about the development plan for that province and began to lay out his plans for the invention of a machine capable of performing numerical calculations, which make his father's job less arduous.
This machine, which was one of the first experiments carried out by Blaise Pascal, which would later receive the name of Pascalina, was capable of performing addition and subtraction, using a very simple mechanical element of wheels made of metal, located in its front section; the results were displayed in windows that could be located at the top, in the best of cases.
There are still some duplicate models of that first invented model, which constituted one of the mechanisms that constituted a Blaise Pascal contributions to computing. This Pascaline became the forerunner of today's mechanical number calculators, for which some of the mechanisms designed by Pascal are still used.
Finding himself in Rouen, Blaise Pascal began to feel intrigued by the new knowledge of science related to materials, in particular hydrostatics, and carried out his first investigations on the vacuum. He was part of the discussion related to the representation of the void in nature and carried out essential tests.
At this time the experiments performed by Blaise Pascal They were widely relevant, in particular for their intervention in the participation in the Puy de Dôme during the year 1647, to try to explain the clarification that Torricelli made in relation to the operation of the indicator.
Blasie Pascal's Philosophy
Later, after the year 1645, he was able to understand the line of thought of Jansenism, as well as understand the development demanded by the Catholic reformer Jansenius, who called for great modifications of thought and action in the church, based on the ideas expressed in the principle of Saint Augustine of Hippo, related to elegance and unique sin, advocating a more accentuated rigorism in behavior.
It was an illness that forced Blaise Pascal to return to Paris at the end of the spring of the year 1647. Residing again in the French capital, the specialists of the faith began to instruct him about religion and a period without agitations began, which culminated in a strange experience on November 23, 1654, which constituted his second transformation.
Fully persuaded that the way to God lay in following Catholic doctrine and not in scientific reasoning, Blaise Pascal turned away from all his logical work altogether.
studies on the triangle
Only two months before, as can be seen from the correspondence he had with Fermat, he was studying the properties of the arithmetic triangle, which today is called Pascal's triangle and through which the coefficients of the advances of the forces are obtained. progressive of a binomial.
The thought that he was able to develop about this triangle, in relation to the geometry of the shot, was one of the Pascal's contributions made him one of the most relevant scientists in the field of probability theory.
Blaise Pascal Quotes
The influence of his works and the contributions to science Blaise Pascal, has increased over time, but his most motivating phrases were always related to his work in the normal sciences. These manifestations have become the essential basis of scientific theory and of the branch of philosophy in particular.
In the field of philosophy, Blaise Pascal is considered one of the few scientists who abandoned the sciences to understand Jansenism, which was a current of thought with a Christian meaning, which understood the human being as a deeper being, with a rational sense of life. Those that we are going to quote below constitute a part of his most outstanding thoughts:
“The spirit naturally believes and the will naturally loves; so that, in the absence of true objects, it is necessary to cling to false ones.”
» The man has illusions like the bird wings. It's what supports it."
“When we read too fast or too slow, we don't understand anything”
"Our imagination enlarges the present time so much that we make eternity nothing, and nothingness an eternity."
"We do not possess the truth or the good, only in part and mixed with falsehood and evil"
“It is miserable to know that you are miserable, but it is to be great to recognize that you are miserable”
"No matter how many riches a man possesses and how great health and comforts he enjoys, he is not satisfied if he does not have the esteem of others"
"When you don't love too much, you don't love enough"
«Eloquence is a painting of thought and for this reason those who, after having painted, add something else, make a painting instead of a portrait.»
«In religions it is necessary to be sincere; true pagans, true Jews, true Christians»
“For those who yearn only to see, there is enough light; more for those who have the opposite disposition, there is always enough darkness»
“Morality is the science par excellence; It is the art of living well and being happy»
“Any religion that does not affirm that God is hidden is not true”
“Man is naturally credulous, unbelieving; shy, reckless."
«It is undoubtedly an evil, to be full of defects; but it is still a greater evil to be full of them and not to want to recognize it, because it is to add that of a voluntary illusion»
"He who thinks he is right among all things, does not know the reason of things"
Pascal's contributions show that he was a man of science, proof of this is that in his contributions to computing He is described as the inventor of personal computers, along with Charles Babbage, as well as the invention of roulette.
Although Pascal's contributions gave rise to inventions whose attribution is indisputable, he was also able to formulate some research hypotheses to solve great unknowns, among which is the widely known Pascal's theorem, with which it is intended to demonstrate the existence of empty space and the not least mathematical theory of probability.
What inventions were created by Blaise Pascal?
There were many experiments performed by Blaise Pascal as well as his inventions, but to be able to decide which was his main invention, here you can find a list of the Blaise Pascal's contributions to science leaving the responsibility of the reader to determine which one seems to him the main of his inventions:
Pascaline
Pascalina, which originally received the name of mechanical numerical calculator, was one of his great inventions by Blaise Pascal and he did it when he was barely 17 years old. The motivation with which he built it was to be able to help his father in his daily work in Rouen, when he was appointed commissar of illustrious expenses, which was limited merely to managing the finances.
In the original design, this Blaise Pascal invention was 36 centimeters long, 13 centimeters wide and 9 centimeters high. Of course, at that time it was seen as a very useful and versatile device, although it was not as small a device as today's mini computers may seem. The Pascaline was roughly the equivalent shape of a shoebox and was long and low.
Inside the Pascalina we could find a mechanism of wheels with teeth linked together, which form a kind of transmission chain, due to which, when a wheel managed to make a complete turn on its hub, it gave the impulse of one degree to the next wheel.
The wheels established the relationship with the decimal numbering frame. Thus, each metal wheel consisted of ten teeth or stages, for which they were advantageously separated with a numbering that goes from 9 to 0.
The exact number of metal wheels was eight, six metal wheels to refer to whole numbers and two additional metal wheels, located on the left side of the artifact, for decimals. With the implementation of this mechanism, complete numbers could be displayed, from 0 to 01.
The metal wheels or gears, as we would call them today, were turned by means of a key. For the mechanism to be able to perform addition or subtraction operations, the only thing that had to be done was to move the key in the corresponding direction, with which the metal wheels made the necessary advances.
When the time came when a wheel was located at the number 9 and a digit was added, the wheel advanced to the place marked with a zero. When this maneuver was achieved, a kind of hook moved the position of the marker towards the next metal wheel, that is how the artifact was able to perform the adding operation.
Wristwatch
Although the exact date is unknown, Pascal was also the inventor of an object with a primitive shape that can be classified as a wristwatch. It is marginally stated that he invented it out of convenience, while he was experimenting with other inventions.
The game of roulette
The roulette is another device that was invented by Blaise Pascal, it is a device with a round shape and hollowed out towards its interior, with a number of numbers arranged in a sequence that became a game of chance that is present in all games. gaming clubs and casinos, its use, including various models from the one used today, was not recorded until the early Middle Ages.
At first it was believed that the game of roulette was invented in China and that it was later brought to the American territory, through merchants.
But, despite that belief, a hypothesis that turns out to be more credible is that Blaise Pascal was the one who created roulette, essentially because the word roulette originates from the French word roulette, which literally means wheel or small wheel.
the first roulette
It was in the year 1655, when Blaise Pascal invented the roulette made up of 36 numbers, among which the zero was not found, in order to be able to develop a device of continuous movement. It seems that the current reference to this device that has had the most object of use is the supposed Wheel of Fortune, of which there are many references in the course of history, almost in all aspects of human knowledge.
Regardless of how relevant it may have been, if it is possible to investigate roulette all the way to Pascal, the modern adaptation of this artifact must be attributed to Francois and Louis Blanc, who added the zero to Pascal's roulette in 1842, thus showing a change in the signs of the house odds.
This device can be used as an element of recreation for groups of companions. Whatever the case, it requires a degree of organization that requires the methods and ability to provide recreational activities for clients.
Using this way of providing fun may or may not be beneficial, since in a verifiable way, of everything that is betting, the prize must be awarded. According to the design of the roulette wheel, according to the odds, which are also related to Blaise Pascal, there is a 1 in 36 chance of rolling a number and winning 36 times the bet.
The hydraulic press
Among the most relevant inventions of Blaise Pascal, it has been indicated that the most important in history is the hydraulic press. It can be affirmed that it is a component made up of transport blocks that are driven by means of cylinders of various dispositions that, due to obtaining some type of power in the cylinder of the smallest area, can give rise to so that the cylinder with the largest area can acquire a greater power.
The cylinders are called water pistons as they are driven by pressure. Inside the hydraulic press, there is a piston that works like a pump, providing a modest mechanical force to a small area of the sample. There is also a piston with a larger area, which produces a higher mechanical force.
Applying this principle, it is possible to acquire substantial forces, based on other smaller forces. This mechanism is one of the most prominent tools for developing pressure-driven adaptation, which depends entirely on Pascal's principle.
The behavior of the press that is moved by water has similarities with the press that is moved by lever, for that reason, the powers that exert pressure are reduced, although the speed and extraction capacity decreases, in a ratio directly proportional.
The collective carriages
In the year 1662, before his death, Blaise Pascal managed to make another of his contributions, by recommending and authorizing the option of being able to use an added solution for transport in Paris, which did not have an engine at that time. They were the collective carriages. The problem of schedules, routes and even the cost was resolved.
Although he did not create a logical or highly specialized idea, he was able to create an administration, which later would become a benefit for transportation.
The collective carriage is driven by blood traction, it can have a wooden or metal structure or a combination of various materials, which is capable of sliding on at least two wheels. This invention was used mostly for the transport of people or products.
Today Blaise Pascal's inventions have outlived their usefulness in the Western Hemisphere, becoming museum pieces in most parts of the planet, proving that Pascal's contributions their purpose was to satisfy the needs and requirements of his time, for which it can be said that he was an advanced scientist, who made many contributions.
The wheelbarrow
Although there is no reliable proof of this statement, Blaise Pascal is credited with the invention of the wheelbarrow and its development for the transport of people. The French word for this invention, which is conceivably Pascal's, is brouette.
Currently, it has been proven that it was in China where its use really began. Indeed, it has been confirmed that its designer was a member of the Chinese army named Chuco Liang, around the year 200 BC. In those times, it was not practical to move between mountains with wagons, due to the limited existing roads, which also did not allow two wheels to pass, due to how narrow they could be.
Due to the characteristics of the terrain, it was necessary to design a vehicle that would allow its full weight to be tilted on a single wheel, and for this reason an alternative was discovered, constituting an absolutely useful and practical discovery: the wheelbarrow.
Blaise Pascal's contributions to humanity
We have already said at the beginning that Blaise Pascal was one of the most important mathematicians in history, he developed two broad fields of research, he wrote imperative works on projective geometry and he corresponded with Pierre de Fermat in relation to the hypothesis of probability, having absolute influence on the way in which the sciences related to currency and society were developed.
In the contributions of BlaisePascal, the genesis is found that human development was reinforced by the compilation of logical discoveries and held that it had been possible to achieve salvation, because the ultimate destiny of humanity is to achieve a place after death in the domain of another world, whose existence can be known instinctively, being consistent with their Christian vision of life and of God.
Distributed in the year 1639, in «The test of the conicals», some of the contributions of BlaisePascal, as is the case of the well-known spiritualist hexagon, where he develops his hypothesis indicating that if a hexagon is engraved on a conical segment, then the purposes of the crossing point of the sets of the opposite sides are colonial.
Pascal's theorem
Let us further explain Pascal's triangle hypothesis. If the lines of a hexagon located in a conical zone are expanded, the sets of the sides in their convergence will form a straight line. This hypothesis succeeded in compressing the properties of conic segments, as demonstrated in a solitary illustration, and was an advance in the use of projections and projective geometry, the principles of which are still used in various fields and in design.
In its most usual presentation, Pascal's hypothesis is observed with the typical form of a cyclic hexagon drawn in an oval, that is, with the vertices joined in a correlative way in the position in which they are shown during the displacement by the conic.
So, the hypothesis of these experiments carried out by Blaise Pascal, is resolved additionally, regardless of the requirement in which the six focuses are associated, according to the chosen hex layout. Similarly, it can be solved for any conic, as can be seen for an ellipse, a circle, a line, a hyperbole, and a parabola.
The existence of the void
In the year 1647, Blaise Pascal was able to prove the existence of nothing, that is, the existence of voids. Faced with the eventuality presented by Aristotle and Descartes, Pascal was able to carry out a progression of tests with an indicator and mercury, thereby demonstrating that what Torricelli had speculated was true in space.
In this way, one of Blaise Pascal's discoveries was the way to prove what many considered as inconceivable and that is that the space that is above a fluid inside an indicator is the vacuum. Thanks to this demonstration, he was able to set the frame of reference for his next research work on atmospheric pressure.
Normally it was a dark substance that could not be perceived as containing that empty space. But, Pascal, in the same sense in which Torricelli did, progressively considered that it was a physical problem and not calculated, for this reason, any method of clarification had to be provided by material science.
All the tests proved the same thing, the vacuum turns out to be an effect of the weight and the pneumatic force of the materials.
Blaise Pascal's works are made up of three brief essays derived from his analyzes of the void to create the hypothesis of hydrostatic harmony, that is, that the weight caused by a fluid that is contained inside a closed compartment is transmitted in any case, which proves that the air reacts to laws present in fluids that cannot be distinguished.
These experiments performed by Blaise Pascal they demonstrated the existence of a similar rule that will be repeated when a fluid is sucked with a straw, straw or straw; when the weight inside the tube decreases and the weight rises above the fluid at the opposite end, the fluid will rise towards the mouth.
Atmospheric pressure
Although it was a matter that had been the subject of scientific discussion before, Blaise Pascal was the scientist who created the unequivocal proof of the existence of the barometric weight. He filled two indicators with mercury, called B1 and B2. B1 was taken to the highest point of a mountain and B2 was left at the foot of the mountain.
While the mercury level was constant in indicator B2; indicator B1 expanded, what was observed was that the mercury level decreased. With this experiment Pascal proved that at higher altitudes there was less barometric weight. This test forms the premise for concentrates on hydrodynamics.
The pressure in stationary fluids depends on the weight density of the fluid and the depth at which the pressure must be calculated. Of course, as we go deeper into a fluid, its density increases slightly because at lower points, there are more layers of fluid pressing down, making the fluid denser..
A starting point that allows us to measure the weight of air is to do it with a mercury indicator; its estimated value is expressed with respect to the height of the mercury segment of the gauge cross-sectional area and 760 mm height. Due to this result, it can be stated that an average climate is the equivalent of 760 mmHg.
The Torricelli unit (Torr) is used as a unit of weight, for the researcher's convenience, so 1 Torr is the equivalent of 1 mmHg, so 1 atm turns out to be the equivalent of 760 Torr. In this way 1 Torr can be expressed as the equivalent of 1/760 of an average climate, which is 1 Torr and is equal to 1,316 × 10-3 atm.
The principle of Pascal
As was demonstrated in the year 1648, these discoveries of Blaise Pascal indicate that, when weight of a mixed liquid is applied sooner or later, this weight will be applied to all means of using this liquid.
For example, when experimenting with making three holes in an inflatable mattress used for sleeping, the air will be expelled with a similar weight for each of the holes made in the mattress. This rule changed the world of hydrodynamics, which is the reason for the existence of a large number of mechanical effects that have been achieved, from air transport to liquids.
In order to be able to prove this hypothesis, Pascal carried out an experiment and made a syringe so that the weight could be proved; this syringe would constitute the antecedent of the injector that is used to administer medications as part of the current pharmaceutical. Also with this demonstration it was possible to deduce the construction of the pressure-actuated press.
From the moment that a pressure F1 begins to be applied in the area of the smaller segment A1, the weight p1 that starts in the fluid that is in contact with it, is essentially and quickly transmitted to the rest of the fluid. According to Pascal's standard, this weight will be equivalent to the weight p2 that is applied by the liquid in segment A2, this means that p1 is equal to p2; with which the forces will be determined.
With A1 < A2, it is observed in this line the link between the power that results in the largest area, when it is connected to a small power in its smallest section, the result will be more remarkable the larger the proportion between the areas. .
Tartaglia's triangle
It was invented in the year 1653, in his (Arithmetic Triangle Arrangement) and with it the parameters were created to improve the probability hypothesis that was created the year after this invention.
Although this was not a scientific fact discovered by Pascal, since it had been discovered years before, it was Pascal who understood it in its strict sense. The triangle starts from its top with one and its two sides are one, the conjunction of the higher numbers gives rise to the lower numbers and consequently, the structure of the triangle is demonstrated.
Just as the numbers are unlimited, so is the triangle. Its uses are very varied in polynomial mathematics, calculation of probabilities, combinatorial operations, fractal operations and in various other aspects of science.
Although the uses and properties of the triangle had already been treated before Pascal's essay by Chinese, Persian or Indian mathematicians, Pascal was the one who invented a significant number of its applications and was the first who managed to systematize the data in an orderly manner.
In its creation, Pascal drew and outlined formulas in each of the lines of his triangle, and these are linked to the coefficients with which it has been possible to improve the forces that derive from Newton's binomial.
probability theory
One of the most important inventions of Blaise Pascal and Pierre Fermat saw the light in the year 1654; the theory of probability. It was born initially starting from certain mathematical problems that were formulated in relation to bets.
In the beginning, there was no hypothesis that supported it and that was characteristic. The intimate meanings of its veracity depended on the natural course of the rest of the events, observing that in its formulation N will represent the sum of times in which a perception or action has been transformed, whose application can yield as a result A and Na are the situations in which A appears in all possible perceptions.
In this context, Pascal used his triangle as the option to be able to give a profile to his hypothesis, based on the fact that the spectrum of probabilities within a certain number of finite activities is calculated on the option that one can reflect on events that have been unfolding before the current event.
It can be seen that the triangle is linked to the illustration that accompanies it: represented by a session of opportunity that is hindered in its development before it can be resolved, in which case the benefits must be adequate.
Through the use of the triangle, Pasca and Fermat managed to establish numerical probabilities, but with scientific precision, constituting what could have been the subsequent consequence of having had the opportunity to start with the entertainment, taking into account that the ultimate goal is roll the pick up sensibly.
The hypothesis, as it was raised, is still used in a wide range of sciences, especially the social ones, in cryptology and even in some behaviors that we develop in normal daily existence.
Literary works
In venues dominated by academic activity, Pascal is considered a virtuoso among the most relevant great inventors of the period that he spent in France and today he is acclaimed as one of the most relevant scientists of the French precursor movement of the sciences.
As a way of recognizing him for his formulas and mathematical logic statements, the name Pascal was given to the unit of weight estimation, just as there are Pascal's Principle, Pascal's triangle and Pascal's wager. Later, his name was also used to refer to a computer programming language.
The last tangible scientific contribution of Blaise Pascal was the work "Thoughts on Religion and Other Subjects", which achieved its distribution in the year 1670. In this essay he concentrated on clarifying and giving legitimacy to the challenges of human life due to the belief in the unique sin and affirmed that the revelation of God can be seen only from the perspective of trust, thereby defending the possibility that the revelation is presented to all men. It was a strictly philosophical work.
If we look at the philosophical works of Blaise Pascal, in which the need for a Christian way of life is protected, we can see that the calculation of probabilities is going to be linked to them.
He declared that the appreciation of endless happiness has no limits and that, although the feasibility of reaching that kind of happiness through religion is scarce, it turns out to be immensely more relevant to obtain it that way than by reason of having followed some other conviction. or have engaged in some other type of human behavior.
Here is a summary of his most outstanding writings:
- Essai pour les coniques (Essay on conics, 1639).
- Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647).
- Treaty du triangle arithmétique (1653).
- Provincial Letters (1656–57).
- From l'Esprit Geométrique.
- Ecrit sur la signature du formulaire (1661).
- Traité du Pneumátique (Treatise on Pneumatics).
- Spirit of finesse.
- Thoughts and other writings
- Works
- Reflections on religion and philosophy.
- The Mind on Fire: Faith for the Skeptical and Indifferent
Blaise Pascal's reasoning
Blaise Pascal's thought can be located within the line of essentialist or dualist origination, which is situated within the stream of logical anthropological thought, because Pascal warns, similarly to the hypothesis, that man is composed of body and soul.
In addition, it emphasizes that man discerns the universe through the idea, in the same way that his own individual condition does.
Pascal proclaims that man is a being of inconsistencies, since man is an incredible and hopeless being as long as he continues his path in life. This can then be clarified by affirming the fact that the enormity of man can only be understood when he is able to know his misery.
The thinker compares man to a reed, with the intention of proving man's deficiency, that he can be lost by a vapor or a drop of water.
The essential of man for Pascal are the ideas and for that reason the man is extraordinary. Man is a mortal being who is subject to the possibility of getting sick, being tormented, but despite this, he has the certainty and awareness that his condition is extraordinary and this can only be possible thanks to thought, to the ideas.
The universe is the one that adds man, having the certainty that man is the main piece for which creation exists and is capable of detecting it directly. For this reason, man is the one who understands the universe, because man comes to realize what the universe constitutes and manages to perceive that it is part of it, which gives an idea of the hypothetical meaning of it.
It is not the characteristic of being faithful that makes man an extraordinary being, but the way of using thought, which can be expressed as a part in different ways or it can be wasted.
human thought
According to Pascal's contributions, man simply refuses to believe in himself, because it is an intolerable agony for the spirit to be aware of the end of life. That is the reason for his search for distraction, for his liking for fun and leisure activities, which are intended to divert his sense without his realizing it, without feeling his own fragility.
If you are interested in Blaise Pascal's contributions, you may also be interested in seeing the Planck's Quantum Theory.
This distraction makes man refrain from entering into considerations related to the loss of time, as well as having existential considerations, which would lead him to the conclusion that life is essential.
Blaise Pascal considers that the spirit does not find anything in itself that gives it substance, it does not see anything that does not bind it, so it feels compelled to extend itself outwards, with the intention of erasing its memory of its real state. The happiness of the spirit of man is achieved when his fragility is overlooked and it is quite important, so much so that man is forced to be far from himself to reach it.
Pascal affirms that the body and the spirit are two united but different universes, one is natural, ephemeral and finite and the other is from another world, through which we will be closer to the endless duration of God's time; as long as he feels immersed in the grace of God and comes to light that the true cunning of man is to understand that he is an opposite being, to know the meaning of him and his hopelessness must guide his destiny.