Parallel universes is the term used to designate a physical hypothesis that advocates the existence of several universes or realities that are relatively autonomous, this means that there is the idea that there are several parallel universes that form a multiverse.
Parallel Universes Explained
Centuries ago, the theory of geocentrism was believed, that is, that the entire universe revolved around the earth, and human beings lived peacefully, thinking that the sun revolved around the earth and that the earth was flat, until Some heretics arrived who advocated the theory of heliocentrism and the roundness of the earth.
Then man thought that the universe was made up of a single galaxy, the Milky Way, which is our galaxy. Today, we already know that this is not true and that it is just one of the more than one hundred million galaxies that exist.
In former times, our solar system was believed to be the only one there was, then other planets were found orbiting other stars. Since then, thousands of solar systems have been discovered that contain planets with many characteristics, from huge planets formed by gas, to terrestrial planets, with characteristics very similar to ours.
Thanks to advances in science, today we know that there is a universe. And that this universe, which is ours, will reach a point where it will freeze, in a kind of death due to lack of heat, when the last star desists from its brightness and stops generating heat, melting everything into absolute blackness . Or it is not. That may just be the demise of one of the multiple universes that exist.
The advancement of quantum physics and the exploration of a conjugate theory, the quantum theory of gravity, together with the development of string theory, have established scientific belief, at least in theory, that it is possible that there are multiple parallel universes that are part of a multiverse.
According to applied mathematics, there is a possibility that there are. Parallel universes, bubble universes, universes in which everything happens contrary to what happens in our universe, universes for all tastes. So the math indicates that they exist but that we don't have the ability to see them.
Albert Einstein was the first
In history of physics, were the equations devised by Einstein that could explain the existence of other universes different from ours, concluding that if they can be explained it is because they exist. This is the case of the equations of general relativity, by means of which the way in which our universe works can be exposed.
But, they also indicate that there are other possible solutions, which is where the hypothesis among scientists of parallel universes arises. They scientifically conclude that if other universes existed, other solutions would be valid with the laws of nature that we know. Although it is not possible to see them, but it may be that they exist.
So if they do exist, physicists say they may leave behind observable evidence. For this reason, they indicate, the theory is not a fantasy or a fairy tale, because at some point our science will have advanced what is required to be able to obtain empirical proof of the existence of those other universes.
One of the most attractive scientific ideas using the notion of parallel universes quantum physics is the interpretation of the multiple universes or interpretation of the parallel worlds, exhibited by Hugh Everett. This theory arises within quantum mechanics as a probable answer to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.
Everett stated that his interpretation could be considered more of a metatheory. From a logical perspective, Everett's construction avoids multiple questions that are linked to other more conventional interpretations of quantum mechanics.
However, recently the idea has been proposed that universes adjacent to ours would be able to leave a trace that can be observed in the microwave background radiation, which also opens the opportunity to test this theory experimentally. .
The Big Bang as the beginning
But how did those other universes form? Among the theories that explain the Origin of the universeTheoretical physicists claim that approximately 13.800 billion years ago, the universe was smaller than a particle, but it was the place where all the matter that exists, all the energy, space and time, was concentrated. But that infinitesimal point collapsed and a great explosion occurred, generating intense waves of heat that cooled as matter expanded.
It is not possible to affirm what existed before the Big Bang because there is no before, since time did not exist, nor can it be said that there was outside, since space did not exist, it can only be said that it was the nothing.
But with the explosion, the universe began to expand along a space-time line. That is to say, from there there was time and there was space. From that small infinitesimal point, all matter was expelled so that the universe could build itself, propelled by expansion, similar to waves in water. And that expulsion of materials followed a direction in time and space, which is ours.
If that happened that way, then why should one think that a single universe arose from that explosion? Why would an infinitesimal point located in the vastness of nothing produce a single linear burst? Why couldn't it be more than one or multiple bursts?
We also have to ask ourselves, what if there was an explosion and then another, and then another? This would have given rise to many universes, to a kind of universal bubbles distant from each other by means of icy empty spaces. And we, humans, find ourselves immersed in one of them, without being able to realize the others.
So scientists looking for them may one day be able to get hold of a particle that comes from an adjoining bubble, or from a universe that begins at the other end of a black hole entrance.
The shapes of the parallel universes
Certainly, among theoretical physicists there is no unanimity on the matter and different hypotheses have been exposed of what should be considered as parallel universes. Among the most popular are the following:
The universe that begins where our sight cannot reach
It is known that any line between two points can only travel at the speed of light. This means that there is a distance/time relationship in the universe that we will never be able to observe. It is a border in which from our point of view there is nothing.
If we think of a supposed observer who was located close to that edge of the horizon that we cannot access, he could observe the other universe and send us signals to know how with the peculiarities of the other side, then it is possible that there is that other universe and the The answer to our question would be yes. But we cannot observe it for ourselves or know about it. A universe other than ours that extends across the border would be only the first.
The open door to other dimensions
A great theoretical discovery of recent decades is that it has been proven that something more than the theory of general relativity and particle interactions is necessary to be able to explain the existence of the Universe, referring only to ours. At the end of the last century a very beautiful hypothesis was born, which was called the theory of strings.
This theory explains that what we think of as points, referring to subatomic particles that have an electron, are actually not points, but strings. This gives occasion to think about the option that there are other dimensions, with universes that develop in different places than the ones we know.
This idea is complemented by the statement that these strings vibrate in a space-time that has more than four dimensions; In reality, the theoretical development of this hypothesis is only possible if the universe has eleven dimensions and according to the way each dimension vibrates, we will be able to observe it or not, or we will see it in different ways.
They can take the form of a quark, photon, or electron, or whatever shows up as we look. But these same particles are exhibited in dimensions that we do not see and all together, but in another dimension, forming complete universes.
This is one of the most fantastic ideas that have been formulated from mathematics and physics. She owns the notion that universes can be contained within each other.
the other side of the ball
According to these ideas, we are on one side of the ball, which is the one we can see, while other universes are on the side of the ball that we cannot see, because we live only in our half and that is what we know. . That other half is the one that turns its back on us and that has been able to grow in the opposite way to our universe.
Because of this, everything in that universe that we do not see would be literally the reverse of ours, expanding in the opposite direction. If it is assumed that nature is fundamentally symmetrical, although we cannot see it, we can intuit the implications it contains, because it is the part that completes us.
In fact, at some point the news circulated that a parallel universe had been discovered, but it was not entirely true news, the truth of that news is that the ANITA radio telescope was able to detect two anomalous events.
Observatory in the Antarctica
The ANITA radio telescope, Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna, managed to record a radio signal of two atypical cosmic rays, whose origin has not been explained at the moment, from the point of view of known physics.
The other curious fact is that those radio signals captured by ANITA, instead of coming from the skies, came from the same Antarctic ice, from where these charged particles with an unusual amount of energy originated.
According to scientists, a particle with these peculiarities would not be able to cross the Earth, therefore, to this day no explanation has been found for these two particles charged with so much energy to come out of the interior of the earth. That, in theory, cannot happen.
As no plausible explanation was given, it was speculated that they were coming from the disintegration of dark matter, coming to attribute to that supposed dark matter the properties required to link them to particles that were coming from the other side of the ball, that is, from that hypothetical parallel universe that expands contrary to ours.
But those statements were a serious mistake, because since ANITA it was never declared that these strange particles had appeared on earth from a universe other than ours.
What was actually captured were radio signals emitted by two very energetic particles, which could be due to neutrinos, derived from massive neutrinos with which dark matter is made, so that advocating the idea that they came from another universe seems be nonsense.
But the origin of those particles may be as fascinating as once thought. When dealing with neutrinos of Weak Nuclear Force that come from massive neutrinos that form dark matter, an experimental puzzle has been opened, because ANITA has found anomalies whose nature is unknown.
Why were they related to the existence of a parallel universe?
To begin with, it must be explained that three physicists are currently working on a quantum hypothesis in curved spaces and through their studies they managed to start from a logical idea that is CPT (Charge, Parity and Time Reversal) symmetry. They assume that their everything in nature is symmetric, so the universe must be too.
On the other hand, they assumed that each of the three known light neutrinos that we have been able to detect for years with different equipment should be its own nemesis, and therefore, they have to have a much more massive and energetic parity, a very massive equivalent.
In our universe, it would not be possible to directly observe such a massive equivalent. But the idea is that, if it comes from a universe parallel to ours, the one that would be in the section of the ball that we cannot see and expands in the opposite direction, they would have particularities that would make it observable here. Affirming that equivalent would have a mass X, very high, and would be very energetic.
Now, getting those referred neutrinos, with those peculiarities, is very difficult, if not impossible. What is relevant is that the ANITA balloon traveler radiodetector managed to detect something that is very similar to it. He has found two strange events that correspond to very massive and highly energetically charged particles on a par with those described by the three physicists.
So what can they be?
It really could be many things. Indeed, they could be signs that a parallel universe exists, but a particle of these characteristics could be a sign that there is dark matter contained inside the Earth. In fact, it is claimed that massive and energetic neutrinos were also born with the Big Bang.
Over the ages, they were joined by the force of gravity and it is likely that a part remained inside the earth, which was trapped when the planet was forming. Eventually, they can disintegrate and produce a light but very energetic neutrino, which has little mass and is capable of escaping from the center of the Earth.
When those leaks occur, a radio signal is generated as they cross the arctic ice and were detected by ANITA. Thus, this theory supports the existence of signals from the dark matter that is trapped inside the Earth.
Certainly, these two detected phenomena are events that are compatible with the theory described above, but it is not yet possible to confirm that this is the case. The only thing ANITA can say is that it does not know what has been detected.
At the moment, what must be done is to determine that they have been signals that are real and that they correspond to particles that we do not yet know, but the most feasible thing is that the explanation of these singularities is found in our own universe.
As for the existence of Parallel universesScientists hope to find out through laboratory experiments what the properties of dark matter are, in order to answer questions such as why there is no antimatter in our universe.
It is possible that answers to questions like that can lead us to reveal that there is another universe other than the one in which we find ourselves. Of course, the mathematical odds are in favor of its existence, but we still don't have empirical evidence that can prove it to be that way.
