La Latin American literature, was based on all literary aspects of North America, South America and Central America. In particular, the one known after the middle of the XNUMXth century, until reaching what is known today.
Latin American Literature: Elements
Hispanic-American literature is made up of all the peoples whose origin is the Hispanic language. Forming part of North America, South America, Central America and also the Caribbean. Therefore, it is all literary writing that is under the Spanish language.
Mainly Latin American literature, notable for the literary elements that have been made from the second half of the nineteenth century. What is taking us little by little to what has been written to date.
History
The history of Spanish-American literature began in the sixteenth century. Specifically under the time that this continent experienced the conquest. Therefore, it is mainly divided under four periods.
The initial period is called Colonial, which is based on accessories very similar to what was written by the Spanish. However, elements related to independence were visualized, which began at a general level at the beginning of the XNUMXth century.
After this, there is the second period, which was based primarily on totally patriotic themes. For it counted on the period of national consolidation that came after the period that had been based on domination, colonization and anxiety for freedom.
The second stage stood out for having a considerable boom. Which in turn allowed it to reach maturity, taking its development until 1910. Which led us as Hispanics to have a significant place under the aspects that they consider important in universal literature.
It is important to mention that the literary elaboration that each country that is considered Latin American has, is part of a harmonic grouping. All this, despite having different aspects that are based on the elements of each country.
colonial period
The origin of the works of Latin American literature are part of the tradition that the literature of Spain brings with it, as well as the colonies that are based overseas.
It is therefore important that we take into account the first American writers, such as the Spanish-born soldier and poet Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, who was the creator of La Araucana.
This is based on what happened for the conquest of the Araucanian people that comes from Chile, orchestrated by the Spanish. It is important to mention that at this time the New World was not yet widely discussed.
In the same way, the battles and, in turn, the Christianization are highlighted, with the aim of filling this new discovered continent with the customs of the conquerors. All these battles caused that lyrical poetry was not cultivated and in turn narrative was developed correctly.
After all these elements cause the Latin American literature of the sixteenth century, that its elements stand out. Mainly for aspects that stand out for being didactic and in turn contain prose and chronicles.
Among the most outstanding works is the history of the conquest of New Spain, carried out in 1632. This work was carried out by the conqueror and historian of Spanish origin Bernal Díaz del Castillo.
Similarly, the explorer and also Spanish Hernán Cortés was taken into account. In addition to this, the two parts of the history of the Incas, originally from Peru, which brought about the conquest of the Spanish, are very outstanding. All this comes from the historian of Peruvian origin named Garcilaso de la Vega, also called the Inca.
Latin American Writing
Latin American literature stands out for its first works that are part of the theater, which seek to represent the end of the world, created for 1533. This was a kind of literary transport typical of the conversion of the natives of these lands.
This writing was based on the Renaissance spirit of the Spanish. In the same way, they sought to root religion within the territory. Which is based on the colonial period. It should be taken into account that the main diffusers of culture were the religious, under activities such as that of missionaries and historians typical of the Dominican activities of Bartolomé de Las Casas, who spread his work throughout Santo Domingo.
Similarly, the theater writer Hernán González de Eslava, sought to spread Spanish culture throughout Mexico. Also the epic poet of Peruvian origin who was born in Spain, called Diego de Hojeda, because he sought to narrate literary stories. It is important to mention that Mexico and Lima were then the capitals of the viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru. What led them to be the intellectual centers of the seventeenth century.
Latin American literary development
All Latin American writers, despite having elements typical of Spain, made replicas of it. All the stories of Hispano-American literature have erudition, ceremony and, at the same time, artificiality.
It should be mentioned that the indigenous people often managed to beat those of Spanish origin. Leaving behind the predominant baroque typical of Europe. In turn, this process correctly manifests the entire field of Hispanic American literature. Leaving behind the works made by Spanish playwrights.
Of importance for this period of Latin American literature, is Pedro Calderón de la Barca, who was a poet and was also of Spanish origin. Luis de Góngora is also based on the literary production of each Hispanic locality.
It is important to mention that the most famous poets for the XNUMXth century were the Latin American, Juana Inés de la Cruz, who was a nun of Mexican origin. She was in charge of writing theater in verses, specifically under religious aspects such as auto sacramental writing.
The divine Narcissus
It was made for 1688, which is based on secular elements. This was in charge of making poems in defense of women and autobiographical in turn, which were executed under prose, where he specified what his interests were.
It featured elements that brought styles from satire to reality. Since he completely dominated the literature of the Spanish, it is in this way that it reaches the New World without any problem.
It is in this way that stories based on satirical collections such as Diente de Parnaso, which is typical of the Peruvian poet Juan del Valle Caviedes, appear. As well as the novel Misfortunes that was made by Alonso Ramírez, thus highlighting the humanist poet of Mexican origin Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora.
It should be taken into account that in Spain the Bourbon house was replaced by the Habsburg, this happened at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. This situation allowed the colonies to be open to literature. Where there were sometimes sanctions and others not.
They had elements of French literature. What can be visualized under the acceptance of neoclassicism. In the same way, it is visualized under the extension of the doctrine of the illustration.
It is in this way that the playwright Peralta Barnuevo of Peruvian origin, made plays of theatrical type under the influence of the French.
Other authors
There were writers such as Francisco Eugenio de Santa Cruz, of Ecuadorian origin, as well as Antonio Nariño, who was Colombian, who influenced the rise of revolutionary ideas typical of France, which was carried out at the beginning of the century.
It is in this way that new centers focused on Hispano-American literature are achieved in the second stage. As is the case in Quito in Ecuador, in Colombia specifically in Bogotá and Caracas in Venezuela. After this, a greater literary development was developed in Buenos Aires in Argentina.
What led to the aforementioned areas surpassing the old capitals of the viceroyalties. Leading these places to stand out for their culture, creation and in turn edition of Latin American literature. In this way, Spanish literature fell little by little in this area of the continent.
The period of independence
This independence stage brought with it a large number of writings related to patriotic elements. Where they focused on works that were carried out under the parameters of poetry.
Similarly, the narrative could be viewed occasionally. It is important to mention that this system was censored, until the moment in which the crown of Spain began to grow. It should be mentioned that by 1816, the first novel of totally Latin American origin was written and published.
The Sarniento periquillo
This story was written by the journalist of Mexican origin José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi. He recounts the exploits performed by his protagonist. Where you can see through the description, a large number of landscapes that made up life within the colony. Which in turn contemplates veiled criticism within society.
It is remarkable to keep in mind that within Hispanic-American literature, politics shaped a large part of its inspirations. Especially in the independence period, since the writers decided to take positions similar to those of the republicans of ancient Rome. Making clear the importance of the independence of the Latin American territory.
From the beginning, the writers express the concern generated by the costumbrismo typical of reality. Similarly, there is talk of interests related to social criteria and in turn the domain of moral criteria.
Poet
Many poets and writers, such as the political leader of Ecuadorian origin José Joaquín Olmeda, praised the form of leadership of the Venezuelan liberator and revolutionary Simón Bolívar. Specifically in his poem Victoria de Junín, made for 1825.
On the other hand, the poet, critic and scholar of Venezuelan origin Andrés Bello, declared the beauty of the tropical landscapes in the silva, as well as the agriculture that developed in the torrid zone, in 1826. This prose was similar to that made by the classical poet of Roman origin Virgil.
Similarly, the Cuban José María Heredia, who was a poet, proceeds to anticipate romanticism, writing poems such as Al Niágara in 1824, which he made when he arrived in the United States.
In the same way, for the south within the year of 1824, a poetry of anonymous popular origin begins to develop. This touched political aspects under the development of the gauchos of the region of La Plata.
Consolidation period
The period of consolidation of Latin American literature is directly related to the development of the new republics. It is in this way that the inspiration was directed almost entirely towards the literature that was handled in France. Partly leaving aside what had been learned from the literature of Spain. Always leaving as a personal mark the regionalist interest occupied by its creators.
Totally neoclassical forms, typical of the XNUMXth century, were used, which allowed romanticism to develop in Latin American countries. Literary system, which manages to master all the elements related to the panorama of Hispanic cultures.
This had a period of approximately half a century that specifically began. During the 1830s. It is important to mention that countries like Argentina had the opportunity to develop Franco-European romanticism, through Esteban Echeverría. As in Mexico, he was the main diffuser of this remarkable movement.
It is also possible to develop the tradition of Hispanic realism. Which in turn continuously developed through works called costumbristas. They were in charge of developing contents that described the customs of the localities that were spoken of.
economic consolidation
The economic and political consolidation, achieved through struggles typical of the time, allowed works inspired by the situations experienced by a variety of writers to be produced.
For this reason, it should be mentioned that the way in which the romantic genre was handled was totally remarkable, especially in Argentina. All this after the exile of many who opposed the regime from 1829 to 1852, Juan Manuel de Rosas, who became dictator.
This type of writers also influenced writers of Chilean and Uruguayan origin. In addition to Echeverría, José Mármol, who was the author of a totally clandestine novel called Amalia, made and published in 1851, stands out.
Likewise, they highlighted the work of the educator, who would later be president of Argentina, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Who carried out biographical and social studies, which described civilization and barbarism well enough. Where the main problems of the Hispanics were expressed, highlighting the differences between their primitive state and the influence brought by the Europeans.
Development
In Argentina, songs of the gaucho bards stood out. What allowed educated poets to stand out within Latin American literature, as is the case of Hilario Ascasubi and José Hernández. They proceeded to adapt outstanding themes, to make gaucho poems.
On the other hand, Martín Fierro de Hernández tries to explain the difficult adaptation of the evolution of civilization. What caused his writings to become national classics. He, well, he explored themes totally linked to the gauchos who could be part of the theater in the same way as the narrative, specifically from countries like Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
Poetry within other parts of the Hispanic American continent did not have the same regionalist traits. However, they perfectly dominated romanticism, where the cultural environment of the time was highlighted. It should be noted that at that time, the poets who received the most praise were those of Cuban origin.
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, was the author of novels. On the other hand, Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, originally from Uruguay, stood out for his narrative work called Tabaré, which stood out for elements that developed within symbolism.
The novels managed to openly develop for this historical period of Hispanic American literature. It is after this that characters like the Chilean Alberto Blest Gana, proceeded to make the transition that he left behind to romanticism, to discover realism.
Uncovering in this way, the Chilean society, under techniques that were totally dominated by the writer of French origin Honoré de Balzac. Under his Martín Rivas of 1862, which made it the best novel of historical origin of this period.
The reconquest
While the reconquest was taking place in 1897, Maria was also known, which was carried out for 1867, which narrated a lyrical story, which highlighted a love that was traced by having an unlucky destiny that was developed in an old plantation. This was carried out by the Colombian Jorge Isaacs, who made a story, cataloged as the masterpiece of romanticism within Latin American literature.
On the other hand, Juan León Mera, sought to idealize the indigenous people of the entire continent through his novel called Cumandá, which was cataloged for describing a drama among savages, made for 1879.
In addition to this, Ignacio Altamira stands out in Mexico for correctly mastering romantic realism. Similarly, José Martiniano Alencar, decides to start with the regional genre, through poetic novels, as well as the indianistas of romantic ideas. Specifically in love stories that narrated the history of Indians and whites. Among those stories are El Guaraní of 1857 and Iracema of 1865.
On the other hand, novelists of naturalist origin stood out. As is the case of Eugenio Cambaceres who was of Argentine origin, and carried out Without direction published for 885. It is in this way that his works stood out as experimental novels typical of the writer of French origin Émile Zola.
expressive period
On the other hand, the essay became, under this stage, the most common form of expression within the possibilities of numerous thinkers. That is why many journalists, characters who dominated and were interested in political, educational and philosophical issues, had the opportunity to express themselves through this medium.
Seven treatises by the Ecuadorian Juan Montalvo was characteristic for that time. As well as Eugenio María de Hostos, who was an educator and at the same time a Puerto Rican liberal politician, who carried out an important work in the Cribe and in Chile.
In the same way Ricardo Palma proceeds to make a type of narrative and historical vignettes that were considered totally peculiar that completely dominated all the so-called Peruvian traditions.
Modernism, on the other hand, became a movement that allowed a total renewal of Hispano-American literature. That could be carried out during the period of 1880. This was favored thanks to the economic and political development that the republics within Latin America brought with them. As well as the peace and prosperity that began to reign in them.
For this stage there were notable elements that sought to demonstrate the importance of the aesthetic and artistic functions of Latin American literature. What led to the authors who developed under modernist guidelines spread elements of cosmopolitan culture that were totally influenced by the aesthetics that came from Europe.
Parnassianism, typical of France, was handled, as well as symbolism. Where elements of antiquity stood out, as well as aspects related to the natives, together with the foreign.
Therefore, it is important to mention that those writers considered modernists developed as poets. What led them mostly to perform elements that unfolded completely in prose. Thus, developing Hispanic prose, completely renewing the poetry that was known until then.
Movement
Who started with movements of Latin American literature was Manuel González Prada, who was Peruvian. He developed as an essayist who had great social literary movements. Which, in turn, carried out good aesthetic experiments.
On the other hand, the poet and modernist of Cuban origin José Martí stands out, as well as Julián del Casal, who was also Cuban. In addition to this, there was the Mexican Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera and the Colombian José Asunción Silva. On the other hand, the Nicaraguan, Rubén Darío, who stood out with greater amplitude. He thus proceeded to publish Prose Prose in 1896.
In this way, Rubén Darío became the primary person responsible for reaching the movement to its climax. A mixture of experimental movements can be visualized in his works. Thus highlighting despair and metaphysical joy. You can see this type of aspect in Songs of life and hope of 1905. This outstanding author, like his companions, sought to materialize the advance of the Hispanic language through poetic techniques typical of the territory.
mature writing
Writers such as the Argentine Leopoldo Lugones and the Mexican Enrique González Martínez were found at the peak of maturation. Who proceeded to mark aspects of inflection, which completely developed the intimate modernism. Highlighting social and ethical elements through poetry.
On the other hand, the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó, sought to provide new dimensions of the artistic elements, through essays such as his work Ariel from 1900. This is because he formulated totally spiritual paths that reflected the youth of the moment.
It is also important to highlight Manuel Díaz Rodríguez, of Venezuelan origin, who proceeds to write Sangre Patricia in 1902. Enrique Larreta, an Argentine, wrote La Gloria de Don Ramiro for 1908.
All this modernist movement reaches Spain, where it reached its peak in 1910. These elements left their mark on Latin American literature. Developing a new stage for Hispanic writers.
Ignorance of modernism
There were other writers who did not take into account the movement of modernism. What brought with it the result of totally realistic and naturalistic novels. Where they specifically talked about social problems that are based on the entire regional scope.
Some of these outstanding stories Aves sin nido of 1889. On the other hand, the Peruvian Clorinda Matto, of Turner developed in her first stage the sentimental indianist novel, to proceed to make the protest novel.
Federico Gamboa in Mexico, proceeded to make the naturalist novel of urban origin Santa of 1903. While in Uruguay Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, he made a historical and gaucho novel.
On the other hand, the matured theater that began in the 1904th century was developed, thanks to the Chilean Baldomero Lillo, who decided to write stories about miners, as is the case of Sub Tierra in 1918, as well as Horacio Quiroga, who wrote Cuentos de la selva in XNUMX.
The latter sought to focus on elements typical of the area, which in turn focused on human beings and primitive nature. He thus describing psychological aspects in a strange way through mysterious tales. The playwright Florencio Sánchez seeks to improve the theater of his country after works with social aspects and at the same time characteristic of the area.
contemporary literature
The Mexican Revolution that began in 1910 brought with it this new stage in Latin American literature. Since this date there was also a new interest in writing of Hispanic origin.
All this was due to the fact that it had different elements, where the social problems of each region that made up the territory of the New World were highlighted to a great extent.
It is from this period that all the writers of Hispanic origins who began to deal with other elements in relation to all universal themes. Developing stories over the years. Which led to having totally Latin American literary aspects. Allowing the writings to stand out internationally.
Poetry
The elements that are completely related to poetry, are made up of a diversity of authors who express their works through movements totally full of radical renewal, especially focused on the art that came to Europe at the time. Therefore, aspects totally related to cubism, expressionism and surrealism, typical of Spain, could be visualized.
After this, systems typical of ultraism could be visualized, which allowed the production of literary movements that were directly characterized by the literary movements typical of the development of Spain, which was generated at the beginning of that century.
Under these experimental aspects, writers such as Vicente Huidobro, of Chilean origin, who proceeded to found creationism, stood out. Through poems in relation to autonomous creation. That is related to the reality of the external environment.
Similarly, the Chilean Pablo Neruda, is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for the year 1971. Well, he made numerous themes that focused on various types of poetic styles.
It was also sought to specify phases under the commitment of political militancy. As well as the Colombian Germán Pardó García, who was a poet, who managed to specify a degree of humanity in poetry. This type of element is directly related to the culmination in Akróteras in 1968. This brings with it poems written in relation to the Olympic Games in Mexico.
important poets
Similarly, in the Caribbean, the careers of other groups of poets began. Among these was Nicolás Guillén, of Cuban origin. Who were based on the rhythm and folklore that was based on the black people of their area.
Likewise, Gabriela Mistral, who was from Chile, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1945, a position based on poetry related to warmth and emotion. On the other hand, in Mexico in the Contemporary elements that poets such as Jaime Torres Bodet, José Gorostiza and also Carlos Pellicer managed to bring together.
All these authors were based on love, loneliness and also death. Likewise, Octavio Paz stands out, a Mexican who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990. Who presented poems based on metaphysics and eroticism that was directly based on the surrealism of the French.
Many writers are remarkable because they carry out elements related to the postwar period, which allowed the cultivation of criteria of political literature.
Drama
The theater that comes from Hispanic origins has a process full of maturation that in turn is based on the criteria of each of the cities. What focuses especially on Mexico and Buenos Aires.
In turn, this allowed a vehicle to be achieved that carried culture with it. Which in turn allowed certain consolidations of each Latin American country, as is the case of Chile, Puerto Rico and Peru.
On the other hand, Mexico manages to go through a process completely full of renovation of totally experimental elements. What was specifically based on the own representation of the Ulises Theater that began in 1928.
As well as the Orientation Theater that began in 1932, which in addition to that, was activated thanks to Xavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo and also Celestino Gorostiza. On the other hand, Rodolfo Usigli would be part of an important group of playwrights, as well as Emilio Carballido. Similarly, authors such as Conrado Nalé Roxlo who was Argentine stood out.
Test
The essayists who are based on modernism had results related to the active aspects. What has led to essays have completely nationalist elements and at the same time universal. In this way, they take into account a large number of elements that are also considered intellectual.
In addition to this, systems based on the generation of the Centennial of Independence that took place in 1910 were of importance. Among the representatives who provided writings related to José Vasconcelos. In his works he reflects a utopian dream where they are based on aspects of the cosmic race that was carried out in 1925.
On the other hand, the Dominican Pedro Henríquez Ureña stands out, who made Six Essays exploring each element of the expressions. As well as Alfonso Reyes who is Mexican and sought to spread humanitarian aspects such as Vision Anáhuac that was made in 1917.
Similarly, the essayist Germán Arciniegas, who is of Colombian origin, stands out through the continent of seven colors that was published in 1965. Eduardo Mallea, who is Argentine under an Argentine passion published in 1935, is also mentioned. This allowed multiple authors to stand out. of Hispanic origin.
Narrative
For the beginning of the century, the Latin American novel itself has managed to provide new elements that have had development as a response. Which in turn has managed to have three phases.
The first is directly related to a concentration on themes, landscapes, as well as the development of personnel that focus on the locality. Which in turn caused the second stage that allowed a narrative work related to totally psychological aspects and in turn processes full of imagination. Expressing urban environments and at the same time cosmopolitan.
In the same way, the third stage is obtained, in which the authors seek to handle all the elements related to the new stages of contemporary literature. Which in turn expresses a recognition of the international elements that I carry in itself to express the nature of literature worldwide.
On the other hand, it is important to mention that in the regional narrative, characters such as the Argentine Ricardo Guiraldes, who made Don Segundo Sombra for 1926, the Colombian José Eustasio Rivera who made maelstrom in 1924 and last but not least the Venezuelan Rómulo Gallegos Freire stood out.
Rómulo Gallegos and other authors
The Venezuelan stood out mainly for Doña Bárbara, which was published in 1929. Recognizing itself as the history of the plains. On the other hand, there was Mariano Azuela, a story based on the Mexican Revolution. Produced by Andrés Pérez Maderista in 1911, as well as Los de bajo, which was published in 1915.
Similarly, there was Gregorio López, who is the author of The Indian of 1935, where he spoke specifically about how the situation with the indigenous was handled. There were also authors of Guatemalan and Andean origin such as Bolivians such as Alcides Arguedas, who spoke about the problems that existed with race, as did the Peruvian Ciro Alegría,
Miguel Ángel Asturias, was the one who received the Lenin Peace Prize for 1966 and in turn for the following year the Nobel Prize for Literature. He therefore had remarkable elements within the satire at the political level.
Authors and psychology
Many were the writers who handled psychological aspects in Latin American literature, as is the case of the Chilean Eduardo Barrios who touched on this subject under urban settings in El brother asno of 1922.
In the same way, Manuel Rojas Sepúlveda was in public for 1951 Hijo de ladrón, where the story also unfolded in a totally urban environment.
There are other writers, such as María Luisa Bombal, who was in charge of making The Last Fog, which was published in 1934 and handled the fantasy genre. Man of Solitude was made by the Argentine Manuel Gálvez, who dealt with a psychological novel with totally modern aspects.
It should be mentioned that in Uruguay a movement began to be generated that allowed the total development of the narrative currents of the elements of psychology, which leads us to aspects related to the evolution of the mind. Allowing there to be international recognition of these issues.
Mutual recognition
There were novels that quickly gained international recognition, due to their originality and brilliant narration method. As was the case with Hopscotch, published in 1963, by the Argentine Julio Cortázar, which was a story described under the rank of experimental.
In the same way, Juan Carlos Onetti with El astillero de 1960, where I highlight psychology under a totally urban environment. Mario Benedetti, who made La tregua in 1960, was also quite outstanding.
Similarly, a type of evolved Mexican novel is achieved. Which focuses in turn on realism, which was influenced by authors such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, William Faulkner and John Dos Passos. What I bring with me are novel elements in the psychological range as well as the correct handling of situations in a certain region.
Under this process, some writers stood out, such as Juan Rulfo, who made Pedro Páramo in 1955, and Carlos Fuentes with The most transparent region of 1958. On the other hand, Vicente Leñero managed to win a Brief Library Award for 1963 with Los albañiles. to turn this piece into one with totally dramatic elements that could be visualized for 1970.
Similarly, Salvador Elizondo stands out, who proceeds to write Farabeuf for the year 1965, expressing with great determination everything related to this new movement within Latin American literature.
Gabriel García Márquez and other contemporary authors
Among the writers of Latin America for the contemporary period is Gabriel García Márquez. Well, like other prominent ones, they have written in the Spanish language stories that narrate totally remarkable aspects at an international level. Which in turn highlights other elements that focus on old regionalism. System that was overtaken by new techniques.
In the same way, it has been possible to visualize an evolution in style and in turn perspective, being focused on totally narrative elements. Likewise, magical realism is handled more naturally, which is applied in several writers, who fully express mysteries that are based on situations experienced in daily life.
Writers such as the Cuban Alejo Carpentier also stand out, who with his work seeks to demonstrate new aspects in relation to mythology, which was visualized in The Lost Steps, where a jungle environment was handled and was published for 1953.
On the other hand, José Lezama Lima, also Cuban, made a Paradiso in 1966, where mythological themes related to the neo-barrel culture were also touched upon.
Featured aspects
The Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa seeks to express a variety of mysteries through The City and The Dogs, which were awarded a Brief Library Award in 1962. This led him to be totally outstanding in literature.
Similarly, Gabriel García Márquez was awarded a Nobel Prize for 1982, which led him to be known internationally, specifically with his work made for 1967, One Hundred Years of Solitude.
The latter sought to express magical elements with a timeless unity. That completely developed the narrative plots that were known for that time in Latin American literature. Demonstrating in this way the elements of importance for the Hispanic narrative.
All this allowed Latin American novels to stand out completely. Well, his handling of the narrative, not only in Spanish, but also in other languages, achieving internationality.
I invite you to go through the following articles so that you know a little more about the interesting literature: